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Radioengineering

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Proceedings of Czech and Slovak Technical Universities

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December 2026, Volume 35, Number 4 [DOI: 10.13164/re.2026-4]

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A. G. Pakfiliz [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2026.0425] [Download Citations]
An S-Band Radar Method for Early Detection of Stealth Fighters in Air-to-Air Combat

Stealth aircrafts reduce the detection ranges of traditional radar systems primarily by lowering Radar-Cross-Section (RCS) optimized for high-frequency X-band threat radars. To evaluate multi-band detection potential under airframe constraints, this study analyzes the integration of a wing-leading-edge S-band radar array to complement conventional nose-mounted X-band systems. Using link-budget modeling and simulation, detection performance across L-, S-, and X-bands is compared for low-observable target profiles under clear and jamming conditions. The analytical findings indicate that while nose-mounted X-band radars maintain high angular resolution, S- and L-band arrays provide extended burn-through and crossover detection ranges against stealth targets. Specifically, a fixed-aperture S-band wing-mounted configuration offers a balanced trade-off between element density and aperture constraints, providing actionable theoretical insights for future multi-band radar architectures in air-to-air scenarios.

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Keywords: Stealth fighters, air-to-air radar, radar absorbent material, S-band radar

Q. Guo, H. D. Zhao, W. J. Wang, W. K. Zhang [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2026.0442] [Download Citations]
SAGA-YOLO: A High-Accuracy Detector for SAR Aircraft in Complex Environments

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), utilizing its ability to actively transmit microwave signals, is widely used for military aircraft target reconnaissance and aviation safety monitoring. However, the complex background of ground-based aircraft targets, combined with the coherent imaging characteristics of SAR, results in speckle noise, which increases the difficulty of detection. To address this, we propose a high-accuracy SAR aircraft detection model, SAR-Adaptive Gated-Attention You Only Look Once (SAGA-YOLO). It includes the following three improvements: Firstly, the model constructs a robust gated convolutional backbone network that adaptively filters out noise and irrelevant clutter by dynamically adjusting feature channels, thereby extracting more robust semantic features of aircraft. Secondly, an attention module, C2-CAS, is introduced at the end of the backbone network to refocus features on the most distinctive scattering regions of the aircraft, enhancing its key structural features. Finally, a feature fusion network, Slim-neck, is introduced at the neck to improve the model’s ability to extract and fuse features of targets at different scales. Experimental results on the SAR-AIRcraft-1.0 and SADD aircraft datasets demonstrate that SAGA-YOLO achieves superior performance; compared to the baseline YOLO11, SAGA-YOLO improves mAP50 and mAP50-95 by 3.0% and 5.8% respectively on SAR-AIRcraft-1.0, and by 0.6% and 18.3% on SADD.

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Keywords: SAR image, YOLO11, aircraft detection, gated backbone

L. Ju, J.–J. Ren, Z.-Q. Zhang, C.-L. Dai, Y. Mao, K. Huo, K. Wei, W. Hu, W. Jiang [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2026.0455] [Download Citations]
A Low-Scattering Tightly Coupled Dipole Array in a Triangular Lattice

A low-scattering tightly coupled phased array antenna based on a triangular lattice with resistive metallic strips is presented in this paper. Resistive metallic strips are loaded orthogonal to the dipole at the wide-angle impedance matching (WAIM) layer to achieve an in-band low-scattering array design. Compared to a rectangular grid, a triangular grid phased array reduces the total number of elements by approximately 13.4%. The proposed array achieves ±45° beam scanning in the E- and H-planes over the frequency band of 5.6-16 GHz, while exhibiting outstanding low-scattering characteristics for cross-polarized waves throughout the operational bandwidth. The monostatic RCS reduction exceeds 10 dB within the range of 6.6-16 GHz, and it also demonstrates excellent bistatic RCS reduction under oblique incidences. A 10×10 array prototype is fabricated and measured. Both simulated and measured results are in good agreement, validating the feasibility of the design.

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Keywords: Antenna array, triangular lattice, radar cross section (RCS)