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Radioengineering

Radioeng

Proceedings of Czech and Slovak Technical Universities

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December 2011, Volume 20, Number 4

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V. Prochazka, P. Pollak, J. Zdansky, J. Nouza [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Performance of Czech Speech Recognition with Language Models Created from Public Resources

In this paper, we investigate the usability of publicly available n-gram corpora for the creation of language models (LM) applicable for Czech speech recognition systems. N-gram LMs with various parameters and settings were created from two publicly available sets, Czech Web 1T 5-gram corpus provided by Google and 5-gram corpus obtained from the Czech National Corpus Institute. For comparison, we tested also an LM made of a large private resource of newspaper and broadcast texts collected by a Czech media mining company. The LMs were analyzed and compared from the statistic point of view (mainly via their perplexity rates) and from the performance point of view when employed in large vocabulary continuous speech recognition systems. Our study shows that the Web1T-based LMs, even after intensive cleaning and normalization procedures, cannot compete with those made of smaller but more consistent corpora. The experiments done on large test data also illustrate the impact of Czech as highly inflective language on the perplexity, OOV, and recognition accuracy rates.

  1. NOUZA, J., ZDANSKY, J., DAVID, P. Fully automated approach to broadcast news transcription in Czech language. Text, Speech and Dialogue: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2004, vol. 3206/2004, p. 401 - 408.
  2. VANEK, J., PSUTKA, J. Gender-dependent acoustic models fusion developed for automatic subtitling of parliament meetings broadcasted by the Czech TV. Text, Speech and Dialog: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2010, vol. 6231/2010, p. 431- 438.
  3. PSUTKA, J., PSUTKA, J., IRCING, P., HOIDEKR, J. Recognition of spontaneously pronounced TV ice-hockey commentary. In Proceedings of ISCA & IEEE Workshop on Spontaneous Speech Processing and Recognition. Tokyo (Japan), 2003, p. 83 - 86.
  4. IRCING, P., KRBEC, P., HAJIC, J., PSUTKA, J., KHUDANPUR, S., JELINEK, F., BYRNE, W. On large vocabulary continuous speech recognition of highly inflectional language - Czech. In Proceedings of INTERSPEECH. Aalborg (Denmark), 2001, p. 487 - 490.
  5. NOUZA, J., ZDANSKY, J., CERVA, P., KOLORENC, J. A System for information retrieval from large records of Czech spoken data. Text, Speech and Dialogue: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2006, vol. 4188/2006, p. 485 - 492.
  6. The Hidden Markov Model Toolkit (HTK). Version 3.4.1. 2009. [Online] Available at: http://htk.eng.cam.ac.uk.
  7. BRANTS, T., FRANZ, A. Web 1T 5-gram, 10 European languages, version 1. Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consortium, 2009. [Online] Available at: http://www.ldc.upenn.edu.
  8. BRANTS, T., FRANZ, A. Web 1T 5-gram, English, version 1. Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consortium, 2006. [Online] Available at: http://www.ldc.upenn.edu.
  9. ISLAM, A., INKPEN, D. Real-word spelling correction using Google Web 1T n-gram with backoff. In International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering NLPKE 2009. Dalian (China), 2009, p. 1- 8.
  10. NULTY, P., COSTELLO, F. Using lexical patterns in the Google Web 1T corpus to deduce semantic relations between nouns. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluations: Recent Achievements and Future Directions SEW 2009. Boulder (USA), 2009, p. 58 - 63.
  11. TANDON, N., DE MELO, G. Information extraction from webscale n-gram data. In Web N-gram Workshop : Workshop of the 33rd Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. Geneva (Switzerland), 2010, p. 8 - 15.
  12. ZWARTS, S., JOHNSON, M. The impact of language models and loss functions on repair disfluency detection. In Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technologies. Portland (USA), 2011, p. 703 - 711.
  13. DEKANG LIN, et al. New tools forWeb-scale n-grams. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation LREC’10. Valetta (Malta), 2010, p. 19 - 21.
  14. GUTHRIE, D., HEPPLE, M. Storing the web in memory: space efficient language models with constant time retrieval. In Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing EMNLP 10. Cambridge (USA), 2010, p. 262 - 272.
  15. YURET, D. Smoothing a tera-word language model. In Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technologies: Short Papers. Singapore, 2008, p. 141 - 144.
  16. Czech National Corpus - SYN2006PUB. 2006. [Online] Available at: http://ucnk.ff.cuni.cz/english/syn2006pub.php.
  17. PROCHAZKA, V., POLLAK, P. Analysis of Czech Web 1T 5-gram corpus and its comparison with czech national corpus data. Text, Speech and Dialogue: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2010, vol. 6231/2010, p. 181 - 188.
  18. Institute of the Czech National Corpus. [Online] 2010. Available at: http://www.korpus.cz.
  19. GNU Aspell. [Online] Cited 2010-11-17. Available at: http:// aspell.net/.
  20. STOLCKE, A. SRILM – An extensible language modeling toolkit. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing ICSLP 2002. Denver (USA), 2002, p. 901 - 904.
  21. Newton Media. [Online] 2010. Available at: http://www. newtonmedia.cz.
  22. NOVAK, J. R., DIXON, P. R., FURURI, S. An empirical comparison of the T3, Juicer, HDecode and Sphinx3 decoders. In Proceedings of 11th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association INTERSPEECH 2010. Makuhari (Japan), 2010, p. 1890 - 1893.
  23. NOUZA, J., ZDANSKY, J., CERVA, P., SILOVSKY, J. Challenges in speech processing of Slavic languages (case studies in speech recognition of Czech and Slovak). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2010, vol. 5967/2010, p. 225 - 241.
  24. POLLAK, P., CERNOCKY, J. Czech SPEECON Adult Database (technical report). 2004.

Keywords: speech recognition, LVCSR, n-gram language models, public language resources

L. Krasula, M. Klima, E. Rogard, E. Jeanblanc [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
MATLAB-Based Applications for Image Processing and Image Quality Assessment – Part I: Software Description

This paper describes several MATLAB-based applications useful for image processing and image quality assessment. The Image Processing Application helps user to easily modify images, the Image Quality Adjustment Application enables to create series of pictures with different quality. The Image Quality Assessment Application contains objective full reference quality metrics that can be used for image quality assessment. The Image Quality Evaluation Applications represent an easy way to compare subjectively the quality of distorted images with reference image. Results of these subjective tests can be processed by using the Results Processing Application. All applications provide Graphical User Interface (GUI) for the intuitive usage.

  1. BREMOND, R., TAREL, J.-P., DUMONT, E., HAUTIERE, N. Vision models for image quality assessment: One is not enough. Journal of Electronic Imaging, vol. 19(4), 000000 October – December 2010.
  2. SHEIKH, H. R., BOVIK, A. C., VECIANA, G. D. An information fidelity criterion for image quality assessment using natural scene statistics. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 14, no. 12, p. 2117-2128, December 2005.
  3. SHEIKH, H. R., BOVIK, A. C. Image information and visual quality. IEEE Transaction on Image Processing, vol. 15, no. 2, February 2006. [Online]. Available at: http://live.ece.utexas.edu/ research/Quality/index.htm
  4. MeTriX MuX Visual Quality Assessment Package. [Online]. Available at: http://foulard.ece.cornell.edu/gaubatz/metrix_mux/
  5. SPRLJAN, N. MATLAB Quality Assessment Toolbox. [Online]. Available at: http://www.sprljan.com/nikola/matlab.html
  6. MURTHY, A. V., KARAM, L. J. A MATLAB-Based Framework for Image and Video Quality Evaluation. QoMEX, 2010.
  7. ROGARD, E. Image Quality Assessment: The implementation of metrics by analysis with Matlab. CTU report, September 2007.
  8. ROGARD, E. User guide of the Image Processing Toolbox. CTU report, June – September 2007.
  9. JEANBLANC, E. User guide of MATLAB Toolboxes. CTU report, June – September 2009.
  10. WANG, Z., BOVIK, A. C., SHEIKH, H. R., SIMONCELLI, E. P. Image quality assessment: From error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 13, no. 4, p. 600-612, April 2004. [Online]. Available at: http://www.ece.uwaterloo.ca/~z70wang/research/ssim/
  11. WANG, Z., BOVIK, A. C. A Universal Image Quality Index. IEEE Signal Processing Letters, March 2002, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 81- 84. [Online]. Available at: http://www.cns.nyu.edu/ ~zwang/files/research/quality_index/demo.html

Keywords: Image quality evaluation, Image processing, Quality metrics, QoE

M. Klima, K. Fliegel, P. Pata, S. Vitek, M. Blazek, P. Dostal, L. Krasula, T. Kratochvil, V. Ricny, M. Slanina, L. Polak [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
DEIMOS – an Open Source Image Database

The DEIMOS (DatabasE of Images: Open Source) is created as an open-source database of images and videos for testing, verification and comparing of various image and/or video processing techniques such as enhancing, compression and reconstruction. The main advantage of DEIMOS is its orientation to various application fields – multimedia, television, security, assistive technology, biomedicine, astronomy etc. The DEIMOS is/will be created gradually step-by-step based upon the contributions of team members. The paper is describing basic parameters of DEIMOS database including application examples.

  1. DEIMOS – Database of Images: Open Source. http://www.deimosproject. cz/, CTU FEE Prague & FEEC BUT Brno, 2010.
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  4. KRATOCHVIL, T.; SLANINA, M. Digital video image quality. In Digital Video. Edited by: Floriano De Rango, Chapter 23: Digital Video Image Quality. INTECH. Vienna, Austria: INTECH Excellence in Education and Publishing, 2010, p. 487–500. ISBN: 978-953-7619-70-1.
  5. SLANINA, M., KRATOCHVIL, T., POLAK, L., RICNY, V. Temporal aspects of scoring in the user based quality evaluation of HD video. In Proceedings of the TSP 2011 conference (in print).
  6. HIRAKAWA, K., PARKS, T. W., Adaptive homogeneity-directed demosaicing algorithm. IEEE Transaction on Image Processing, 2005, vol. 14, no. 3, p. 360–368.
  7. MENON, D., ANDRIANI, S., CALVAGNO, G. Demosaicing with directional filtering and a posteriori decision. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 2007, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 132–141.
  8. ALLEYSSON, D., SUSSTRUNK, S., HERAULT, J. Linear demosaicing inspired by human visual system, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, April 2005, vol. 14, no. 4,p. 439–449.
  9. CHUNG, K. L., et al. Demosaicing of color filter array captured images using gradient edge detection masks and adaptive heterogeneity-projection. IEEE Transaction on Image Processing, December 2008, vol. 17, no. 12, p. 2356–2367.
  10. BAYER, B. E. Color Imaging Array. U.S. Patent 3 971 065, 1976
  11. JIANG. G., et al. Stereoscopic visual attention-based regional bit allocation optimization for multiview video coding. Eurasip Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, 2010.
  12. DOSTAL, P., KLIMA, M. Locally adaptive demosaicing technique for security images based upon Region-of-Interest Analysis. In IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology. Piscataway, Barcelona, October 2011 (in print).
  13. Ambient Assisted Living Joint Programme. (AAl). [online] Available at: http://www.aal-europe.eu/
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  16. KOTEN, P., FLIEGEL, K., VITEK, S., PATA, P. Automatic video system for continues monitoring of the meteor activity. Earth, Moon, and Planets. 2011, vol. 108, no. 1, p. 69-76.
  17. FLIEGEL, K., HAVLIN, J. Imaging photometer with a nonprofessional digital camera. In Proc. SPIE 7443, 2009.
  18. FLIEGEL, K. Modeling and measurement of image sensors characteristics. Radioengineering, 2004, vol. 13, no. 4, p. 27-34.
  19. ISO Geneva. Photography – Electronic still-picture cameras – Methods for measuring opto-electronic conversion functions (OECFs), International Organization for Standardization, 1999.
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  23. BENOIT, A., LE CALLET, P., CAMPISI, P., COUSSEAU, R. Using disparity for quality assessment of stereoscopic images. In Proc. IEEE ICIP, 2008, p. 389-392.
  24. GOLDMANN, L., DE SIMONE, F., EBRAHIMI, T. A comprehensive database and subjective evaluation methodology for quality of experience in stereoscopic video. In Proc. SPIE 7526, 2010.
  25. FLIEGEL, K., VITEK, S., KLIMA, M., PATA, P. Open source database of images DEIMOS: high dynamic range and stereoscopic content. In Proc. SPIE 8135, 2011.
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Keywords: Database, image, video, multimedia, television, security, assistive technology, CCTV, optical systems, astronomy, 3D TV, stereoscopic applications

D. Bonefacić [full-text] [Download Citations]
Guest Editorial: Special Issue on Applied Electromagnetics and Communications

P.J Soh, G.A.E Vandenbosch, S.L Ooi, H.M.R Nurul [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Characterization of a Plain Broadband Textile PIFA

Bandwidth characteristic of a wearable antenna is one of the major factors in determining its usability on the human body. In this work, a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) structure is proposed to achieve a large bandwidth to avoid serious antenna reflection coefficient detuning when placed in proximity of the body. The proposed structure is designed based on a simple structure, in order to provide practicality in application and maintain fabrication simplicity. Two different types of conductive textiles, namely Pure Copper Polyester Taffeta Fabric (PCPTF) and ShieldIt, are used in order to proof its concept, in comparison with a metallic antenna made from copper foil. The design is spaced and fabricated using a 6 mm thick fleece fabric. To cater for potential fabrication and material measurement inaccuracies, both antennas' performance are also investigated and analyzed with varying physical and material parameters. From this investigation, it is found that the proposed structure's extended bandwidth enabled the antenna to function with satisfactory on-body reflection coefficients, despite unavoidable gain and efficiency reduction.

  1. SOH, P.J., VANDENBOSCH, G.A.E., OOI, S.L., NURUL, H.M.R. Characterization of a simple broadband textile planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) for on body communications. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics and Communication, ICECom. Dubrovnik (Croatia), 2010, p. 1 - 4.
  2. EBRAHIMI-GANJEH, M.A., ATTARI, A.R. Interaction of dual band helical and PIFA handset antennas with human head and hand. Progress in Electromagnetic Research, 2007, vol. 77, p. 225 - 242.
  3. DECLERCQ, F., ROGIER, H., Characterization of electromagnetic properties of textile materials for the use in wearable antennas. In Proceedings of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, APURSI. USA, 2009, p. 1 - 4.
  4. SALONEN, P., YANG, F., RAHMAT-SAMII, Y., KIVIKOSKI, M. WEBGA - Wearable Electromagnetic Band-gap Antenna. In Proceedings of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. USA, 2004, vol. 1, p. 451 - 454.
  5. CONWAY, G.A., SCANLON, W.G. Antennas for over-bodysurface communication at 2.45 GHz. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2009, vol. 57, no. 4. p. 844 - 855.
  6. SALONEN, P., HURME, L. A novel fabric WLAN antenna for wearable applications. In Proceedings of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. USA, 2003, vol. 2, p. 700 - 703.
  7. SAIDATUL, N.A., AZREMI, A.A.H., AHMAD, R.B., SOH, P.J., MALEK, F. Multiband fractal planar inverted-F antenna (F-PIFA) for mobile phone application. Progress in Electromagnetic Research B, 2009, vol. 14, p. 127 - 148.
  8. SOH, P.J., VANDENBOSCH, G.A.E., OOI, S.L., NURUL, H.M.R. Design of a broadband all-textile slotted PIFA. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, accepted, in press.
  9. SOH, P.J., VANDENBOSCH, G.A.E., OOI, S.L., HUSNA, M.R.N. Wearable dual-band Sierpinski fractal PIFA using conductive fabric. Electronics Letters, 2011, vol. 47, no. 6. p. 365 - 367.
  10. HERTLEER, C., ROGIER, H., VALLOZZI, L., VAN LANGENHOVE, L. A textile antenna for off-body communication integrated into protective clothing for firefighters. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2009, vol. 57, no. 4, p. 919 - 925.
  11. HERTLEER, C., TRONQUO, A., ROGIER, H., VALLOZZI, L., VAN LANGENHOVE, L. Aperture-coupled patch antenna for integration into wearable textile systems. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2007, vol. 6, p. 392 - 395.
  12. WWW.LESSEMF.COM. Product Datasheet, ShieldIt Super, Pure Copper Polyester Taffeta Fabric. Albany, NY, USA. Nov 2011.
  13. WONG, K.L. Planar Antennas for Wireless Communications. Wiley-Interscience, 2003.
  14. CHATTA, H.T., HUANG, YI., XU, Z., YANG, L. An empirical equation for predicting the resonant frequency of planar inverted-F antennas. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2009, vol. 8, p. 856 - 860.
  15. KHATTAK, M.I., EDWARDS, R.M., MA, J. A study of perturbations due to antennas in close proximity with the human body and body simulating liquid filled phantoms at 1.8 GHz. In Proceedings of the Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conference, LAPC. Loughborough (UK), 2009, p. 625 - 628.

Keywords: Textile antennas, conformal antennas, broadband antennas, planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA), on-body communication.

I. Dioum, M. Clemente, A. Diallo, C. Luxey, J. P. Rossi, S. M. Farssi [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Meandered Monopoles for 700 MHz LTE Handsets and Improved MIMO Channel Capacity Performance

In this paper, we present the design and the measurement of MIMO meandered monopole antennas and the computation of their channel capacity performance. The initial proposed handset-system is composed of a meandered monopole operating in the LTE 700 MHz band, connected to a parasitic radiating element for the upper 2.5 GHz LTE band. Two antennas of the same kind are then closely positioned on the same 120x50 mm2 Printed Circuit Board (PCB). A neutralization line connects the two antennas to enhance their port-to-port isolation in the 700 MHz band. The computation of the channel capacity performance in this band is based on propagation simulations performed with the GRIMM model from the CREMANT. Two system-prototypes are evaluated: one with the neutralization line for enhanced port-to-port isolation and a second without the neutralization exhibiting poor antenna-to-antenna isolation. It is demonstrated that the neutralization technique helps in giving a minimum improvement of 12% of the capacity performance of the handset-system, and a maximum improvement 46%, in the chosen environment.

  1. DIALLO, A., LUXEY, C., LE THUC, P., STARAJ, R., KOSSIAVAS, G. Enhanced diversity antennas for UMTS RADIOENGINEERING, VOL. 20, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2011 731 handsets. In Proceedings of the European Conf. on Antennas and Propagations (EuCAP06). Nice (France), Nov. 2006.
  2. YU, Y., KIM, G., SEONG, W., CHOI, J. A MIMO antenna with a two stage ground for USB dongle. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Feb. 2011, vol. 53, no. 2, p. 418 - 422.
  3. BHATTI, R.A., YI, S., PARK, S. Compact antenna array with port decoupling for LTE-Standardized Mobile Phones. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2009, vol. 8, p. 1430-1433.
  4. TORNATTA, P. Overcoming the LTE handset antenna design problem. EE Times-Asia, http://www.eetasia.com/STATIC/PDF/ 200908/EEOL_2009AUG13_RFD_TA_01.pdf?SOURCES=DOW NLOAD, 13th August 2009.
  5. LUXEY, C. Design of multi-antenna systems for UMTS mobile phones. In Proceedings of the Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference, 2009. Loughborough (UK), Nov. 2009.
  6. LUXEY, C., MANTEUFFEL, D. Highly-efficient multiple antennas for MIMO-systems. In IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology, 2010. Lisbon (Portugal), 1-3 March 2010.
  7. DIALLO, A., LUXEY, C., LE THUC, P., STARAJ, R., KOSSIAVAS, G. Study and reduction of the mutual coupling between two mobile phone PIFAs operating in the DCS1800 and UMTS bands. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, November 2006, Part.1, vol. 54, no. 11,p. 3063-3074.
  8. DIALLO, A., LUXEY, C., LE THUC, P., STARA,J R., KOSSIAVAS, G. An efficient two-port antenna-system for GSM/DCS/UMTS multi-mode mobile phones. Electronics. Letters, March 2007, vol. 43, no. 7, p. 369-370.
  9. DIALLO, A., LUXEY, C., LE THUC, P., STARAJ, R., KOSSIAVAS, G. Diversity performance of multi-antenna systems for UMTS cellular phones in different propagation environments. International Journal on Antennas and Propagation (IJAP), 2008, Article ID 836050, 10 pages. doi:10.1155/2008/836050, http://www.hindawi.com/GetArticle.aspx?doi=10.1155/2008/8360 50. 2008
  10. CHEBIHI, A., LUXEY, C., DIALLO, A., LE THUC, P., STARAJ, R. A novel isolation technique for closely spaced PIFAs for UMTS mobile phones. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2008, vol. 7, p. 665-668.
  11. DIALLO, A., LUXEY, C., LE THUC, P., STARAJ, R., KOSSIAVAS, G., FRANZEN, M., KILDAL, P.-S. Diversity characterization of optimized two-antenna systems for UMTS handsets. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 2007, Article ID 37574, 9 pages, doi:10.1155/2007/37574, http://www.hindawi.com/GetArticle.- aspx?doi=10.1155/2007/37574.
  12. DIALLO, A., LUXEY, C., LE THUC, P., STARAJ, R., KOSSIAVAS, G. Enhanced two-antenna structures for universal mobile telecommunications system diversity terminals. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, Feb. 2008, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 93-101.
  13. CIAIS, P., LUXEY, C., DIALLO, A., STARAJ, R., KOSSIAVAS, G. Pentaband internal antenna for handset communication devices. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, August 2006, vol. 48, no. 8, p. 1509-1512.
  14. DIOUM, I., DIALLO, A., LUXEY, C., FARSI, S. M. Dual band monopole MIMO antennas for LTE mobile phones. In 20th International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics and Communications (ICECom 2010). Dubrovnik (Croatia), 20–23 September 2010.
  15. DIOUM, I., DIALLO, A., LUXEY, C., FARSI, S. M. Compact dual-band monopole antenna for LTE mobile phones. In Loughborough Antennas & Prop. Conf. (LAPC 2010). Loughborough (UK), 14-15 November 2010.
  16. DIALLO, A., LUXEY, C., LE THUC, P., STARAJ, R., KOSSIAVAS, G., FRANZEN, M., KILDAL, P.-S. MIMO performance of enhanced UMTS four-antenna structures for mobile phones in the presence of the user’s head. In IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APS 2007). Honolulu (HI, USA), 10-17 June 2007.
  17. RANVIER, S., LUXEY, C., SUVIKUNNAS, P., STARAJ, R., VAINIKAINEN, P. Capacity enhancement by increasing both mutual coupling and efficiency: a novel approach. In IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APS 2007), Honolulu (HI, USA), 10-17 June 2007.
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  19. SALO, J., BADIC, B., SUVIKUNNAS, P., WEINRICHTER, H., RUPP, M., VAINIKAINEN, P. Influence of antenna configurations on performance of STBC in urban microcells. IET Electronics Letters, October 2005, vol. 41, no. 21, p. 1157-1158.
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  22. ROSSI, J-P., VERGERIO, S., CONRAT, J-M., PAJUSCO, P., SABOUROUX, P. Physical model reliability for the prediction of MIMO channel capacity. Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagations.
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Keywords: MIMO communications, Channel capacity, Mobile communications, LTE Bands, Monopole antennas.

L. Dussopt, H. Kaouach, J. Lanteri, R. Sauleau [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Circularly-Polarized Discrete Lens Antennas in the 60-GHz Band

This paper presents the design and demonstration of two circularly-polarized transmit-arrays operating in the 60-GHz band and generating a broadside beam and a 30°-tilted beam respectively. These arrays have a fairly simple structure with only three metal layers and are fabricated with a standard printed-circuit board technology. The simulated results show the performances of the unit-cells as well as the whole arrays, and detail their power budget. The experimental results in V-band are in very good agreement with the simulations and demonstrate very satisfactory characteristics. Power efficiencies up to 53.7% are reached with a 1-dB gain-bandwidth up to 9.1%, and low cross-polarization level.

  1. SCHWARTZMAN, L., TOPPER, L. Analysis of phased array lenses. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, June 1968, vol. 16, no. 6, p. 628 – 632.
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  5. ABBASPOUR-TAMIJANI, A., SARABANDI, K., REBEIZ, G.M. A millimeter-wave bandpass filter-lens array. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, Feb. 2007, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 388 – 395.
  6. RYAN, C.G.M., CHAHAMIR, M.R., SHAKER, J., BRAY, J.R., ANTAR, Y.M.M. ITTIPIBOON, A. A wideband transmitarray using dual-resonant double square rings. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, May 2005, vol. 58, no. 5, p. 1486 – 1493.
  7. XIAO, S.Q., ZHOU, M.T., ZHANG, Y. Millimeter Wave Technology in Wireless PAN, LAN, and MAN. CRC Press, 2008.
  8. FCC, “Millimeter wave 70-80-90 GHz service”, [Online]. Available at: http://wireless.fcc.gov/services/ index.htm? job=service_home.
  9. KAOUACH, H., DUSSOPT, L., LANTERI, J., KOLECK, T., SAULEAU, R. Circularly-polarized discrete lens antennas in the 60-GHz band. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics and Communications. Dubrovnik (Croatia), 20-23 Sept. 2010.
  10. KAOUACH, H., DUSSOPT, L., LANTERI, J., KOLECK, T., SAULEAU, R. Wideband low-loss linear and circular polarization transmit-arrays in V-band. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, July 2011, vol. 59, no. 7, p. 2513 – 2523.
  11. KAOUACH, H., DUSSOPT, L., SAULEAU, R., KOLECK, T. Design and demonstration of 1-bit and 2-bit transmit-arrays at Xband frequencies. In Proceedings of the 39th European Microwave Conference. Roma (Italy), 29 Sept.-1 Oct. 2009.
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Keywords: Discrete lens, transmit-array, unit-cell, millimeter-wave antennas, 60 GHz band

F. De Vita, P. De Vita, A. Freni [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Efficient Analysis for the Design Refinement of Large Multilayered Printed Reflectarrays

In this paper, we present an efficient numerical technique for the analysis of a reflectarray and its design refinement by the characterization of the “actual” influence of each radiating element when embedded in the antenna structure. The method makes use of the MLayAIM, a fast full-wave formulation suitable for the analysis of electrically large multilayered printed arrays which have one or more planar metallizations and vertical conductors. The low numerical complexity of the analysis method allows the development of a recursive procedure that, starting from the equivalent currents relevant to each cell of the reflectarray when this is immersed in the actual antenna layout, calculates the real phase-shift introduced by each radiating element and corrects its dimensions to better fit the antenna requirements.

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Keywords: Reflectarrays, Method of Moments, Adaptive Integral Method.

C. Pfeffer, S. Scheiblhofer, R. Feger, A. Stelzer [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
An S-FSCW Based Multi-Channel Reader System for Beamforming Applications using Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors

Interrogating multiple surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors located within the same radar beam require techniques to separate the multiple superposing SAW sensor responses. The presented multi-channel reader features four parallel transceiver channels, which are based on the switched frequency-stepped continuous-wave principle and high-speed parallelized baseband electronics. Thus classical beamforming applications including angle of arrival measurement of single SAW tags and the angular separation of multiple SAW sensors are presented and compared to a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) approach. Due to the larger virtual array in the MIMO approach a larger aperture can be synthesized, which leads to significantly better angular separation results. The level analysis for the given system is verified by baseband-power measurements at different readout distances, considering the hardware parameters as well as the free-space propagation aspects. Finally measurements assess the maximum interrogation distance for the system.

  1. KALININ, V. Passive wireless strain and temperature sensors based on SAW devices. In Proceedings of the IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference. Atlanta (USA), September 2004, p. 187 - 190.
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  6. SCHEIBLHOFER, S., SCHUSTER, S., STELZER, A. Modelling and performance analysis of SAW reader systems for delay-line sensors. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, October 2009, vol. 56, no. 10, p. 2293 - 2303.
  7. SCHEIBLHOFER, S., SCHUSTER, S., STELZER, A., HAUSER, R. S-FSCW-radar based high resolution temperature measurement with SAW sensors. In Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Signals, Systems, and Electronics (ISSSE’04). Linz (Austria), August 10-13, 2004, p. 128 - 131.
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  9. FEGER, R., WAGNER, C., SCHUSTER, S., SCHEIBLHOFER, S., STELZER, A. Accuracy improvement for direction of arrival Microwave Theory and Techniques, April 2011, vol. 59, no. 4, p. 1016 - 1024.
  10. FEGER, R., WAGNER, C., SCHUSTER, S., SCHEIBLHOFER, S., JAGER, H., STELZER, A. A 77-GHz FMCW MIMO radar based on a SiGe single-chip transceiver. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, May 2009, vol. 57, no. 5, p. 1020 - 1035.
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Keywords: S-FSCW, SAW-tag, Multi-Cannel Reader System, Beamforming, MIMO, AOA

G. A. E. Vandenbosch, A. Vasylchenko, M. Fernandez-Bolanos, S. Brebels, W. De Raedt, A. M. Ionescu [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Miniature Sensor Node with Conformal Phased Array

This paper reports on the design and fabrication of a fully integrated antenna beam steering concept for wireless sensor nodes. The conformal array circumcises four cube faces with a silicon core mounted on each face. Every silicon core represents a 2 by 1 antenna array with an antenna element consisting of a dipole antenna, a balun, and a distributed MEMS phase shifter. All these components are based on a single wafer process and designed to work at 17.2 GHz. Simulations of the entire system and first results of individual devices are reported.

  1. AERTS, W., DELMOTTE, P., VANDENBOSCH, G. A. E. Conceptual study of analog baseband beam forming: design and measurement of and eight-by-eight phased array. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., June 2009, vol. 57, no. 6, p. 1667-1672.
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  5. CETINER, B. A., QIAN, J. Y., CHANG, H. P., BACHMAN, M., LI, G. P., DE FLAVIIS, F. Monolithic integration of RF MEMS switches with a diversity antenna on PCB substrate. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., January 2003, vol. 51, no. 1, p. 332-335.
  6. CHENG, S., RANTAKARI, P., MALMQVIST, R., SAMUELSSON, C., VAHA-HEIKKILA, T., RYDBERG, A., VARIS, J. Switched beam antenna based on RF MEMS SPDT switch on quartz substrate. IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., 2009, vol. 8, p. 383-386.
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  8. BAEK, C.-W., SONG, S., PARK, J.-H., LEE, S., KIM, J.-M., CHOI, W., CHEON, C., KIM, Y.-K., KWON, Y. A V-band micromachined 2-D beam-steering antenna driven be magnetic force with polymer-based hinges. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., January 2003, vol. 51, no. 1, p. 325-331.
  9. ENAYATI, A., BREBELS, S., DE RAEDT, W., VANDENBOSCH, G. A. E. 3D-antenna-in-package solution for microwave wireless sensor network nodes. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Oct. 2011, vol. 59, no. 10, p. 3617-3623.
  10. FERNANDEZ-BOLAÑOS, M., VASYLCHENKO, A., DAINESI, P., BREBELS, S., DE RAEDT, W., VANDENBOSCH, G. A. E., IONESCU, A. M. Dipole antenna and distributed MEMS phase shifter fully integrated in a single wafer process for beam steering applications. Microelectron. Eng., Feb. 2010, vol. 87, p. 1290- 1293.
  11. FERNANDEZ-BOLAÑOS, M., PERRUISSEAU-CARRIER, J., DAINESI, P., IONESCU, A. M. RF MEMS capacitive switch on semi-suspended CPW using low-loss high-resistivity silicon substrate. Microelec. Eng., June 2007, vol. 85, p. 1039-1042.

Keywords: Conformal array, sensor node, miniaturization

A.Dikovic, G.Sisul, B.Modlic [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A Low Cost Platform for Sensor Network Applications and Educational Purposes

In this paper we describe the design, key features and results obtained from the development of a generic platform usable for sensor network applications operational in the ISM band. The goal was to create an open source low cost platform suitable for use in educational environment. The platform should allow students to easily grasp the fundamentals of wireless sensor networks so special attention was paid to basic concepts related to their functioning. Two versions of this platform were designed, the first one being a proof of concept and the second one more adequate to field test and measurements. Practical aspects of implementation such as network protocol, power consumption, processing speed, media access are discussed.

  1. AKYILDIZ, I.F., SU, W., SANKARASUBRAMANIAM, Y., CAYIRCI, E. A survey on sensor networks. IEEE Comm. Magazine, Aug. 2002, vol. 40, no. 8, p. 102-114.
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  4. JURDAK, R., RUZZELLI, A. G., O'HARE, G.M.P. Radio sleep mode optimization in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, July 2010, vol. 9, no. 7.
  5. FARAHANI, S. ZigBee Wireless Networks and Transceivers. Elsevier Ltd., Burlington, 2008.
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  8. KUORILEHTO, M., KOHVAKKA, M., SUHONEN, J., HAMALAINEN, P., HANNIKAINEN, M., HAMALAINEN, T.D. Ultra-Low Energy Wireless Sensor Networks in Practice - Theory, Realization and Deployment. Chichester: Wiley, 2007.
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Keywords: Sensor network, media access control, microcontroller, GFSK, Si4432, low power, star topology, battery power

W. J. Krzysztofik, R. Borowiec, B. Bieda [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Some Consideration on Shielding Effectiveness Testing by means of the Nested Reverberation Chambers

This paper evaluates the effects of test fixture isolation when using nested mode-stir chambers for conducting electromagnetic shielding measurements. The nested chamber technique is used by both government and industry to evaluate the electromagnetic attenuating properties of materials as varied as infrared sensor windows to the composites used in the hulls of new ships, EM-protection of human as well as devices. Numerical simulation by means of CST and FEKO software of different nested chambers arrangements were done. Some preliminary test measurements of designed and manufactured the small reverberation chamber were done and compare with the numerical simulation results.

  1. International Electrotechnical Commission, Testing and Measurement Technique-Reverberation Chamber Test Methods, Standard 6100-4-21, 2003.
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Keywords: Shielding effectiveness, planar screening material, measuring methods, nested reverberation chamber, numerical electromagnetic computational methods

M. Duran-Sindreu, P. Velez, J. Bonache, F. Martin [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Broadband Microwave Filters Based on Open Split Ring Resonators (OSRRs) and Open Complementary Split Ring Resonators (OCSRRs): Improved Models and Design Optimization

The paper is focused on the design of broadband bandpass filters at microwave frequencies. The proposed filters are based on a combination of open split ring resonators (OSRRs) and open complementary split ring resonators (OCSRRs) loaded in a host transmission line. Since these resonators (OSRRs and OCSRRs) are electrically small, the resulting filters are compact. As compared to previous papers by the authors on this topic, the main aim and originality of the present paper is to demonstrate that by including a new series inductance in the circuit model of the OCSRR, it is possible to improve the predictions of these filter models and better fit the measured filter responses. Moreover, the parameter extraction method of the new circuit model and an automated filter design technique is introduced and demonstrated. The paper is complemented with the design and comparison of several prototypes.

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  3. BILOTTI, F., TOSCANO, A., VEGNI, L. Design of spiral and multiple split-ring resonators for the realization of miniaturized metamaterial samples. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, August 2007, vol. 55, p. 2258-2267.
  4. BILOTTI, F., TOSCANO, A., VEGNI, L., ALICI, K.B., AYDIN, K., OZBAY, E. Equivalent circuit models for the design of metamaterials based on artificial magnetic inclusions. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, December 2007, vol. 55, p. 2865-2873.
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  6. GIL, M., BONACHE, J., SELGA, J., GARCIA-GARCIA, J., MARTIN, F. Broadband resonant type metamaterial transmission lines. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 17, February 2007, p. 97-99.
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  8. MARTEL, J., MARQUES, R., FALCONE, F., BAENA, J.D., MEDINA, F., MARTIN, F., SOROLLA, M. A new LC series element for compact bandpass filter design. IEEE Microwave Wireless Components Letters, May 2004, vol. 14, p. 210-212.
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  10. DURAN-SINDREU, M., VELEZ, A., AZNAR, F., SISO, G., BONACHE, J., MARTIN, F. Application of open split ring resonators and open complementary split ring resonators to the synthesis of artificial transmission lines and microwave passive components. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Techniques, Dec. 2009, vol. 57, p. 3395-3403.
  11. DURAN-SINDREU, M., VELEZ, P., BONACHE, J., MARTIN, F. Broadband microwave filters based on metamaterial concepts. In 20th International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics and Communications. Dubrovnik (Croatia), 20 – 23 September 2010.
  12. DURAN-SINDREU, M., VELEZ, P., BONACHE, J., MARTIN, F. High-order coplanar waveguide (CPW) filters implemented by means of open split ring resonators (OSRRs) and open complementary split ring resonators (OCSRRs). Metamaterials, accepted (DOI: 10.1016/ j.metmat.2011.03.002).
  13. DISHAL, M. Design of dissipative band-pass filters producing desired exact amplitude-frequency characteristics. Proceedings of the I.R.E., September 1949, vol. 37, p. 1050-1069.
  14. DURAN-SINDREU, M., VELEZ, A., SISO, G., VELEZ, P., SELGA, J., BONACHE, J., MARTIN, F. Recent advances in metamaterial transmission lines based on split rings. Proceedings of the IEEE, accepted (DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2011.2114870).

Keywords: Bandpass filters, metamaterials, open split ring resonator, open complementary split ring resonator.

S. Costanzo, A. Borgia, I. Venneri, G. Di Massa [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Millimeter-Waves Structures on Benzocyclobutene Dielectric Substrate

The need of low-loss substrate materials with stable dielectric performances is a strong requirement when working at millimeter frequencies, where standard dielectrics exhibit prohibitive losses. In this paper, the authors focus their attention on a polymer material, the benzocyclobutene (BCB), having a low dielectric constant and a low loss tangent, with a stable behavior up to THz frequencies. A specific in-house manufacture technology is described to realize millimeter-wave structures on a BCB dielectric substrate. Experimental validations on BCB-based circuits and antennas prototypes are discussed.

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  7. GRZYB, J., RUIZ, I., COTTET, D., TROSTER, G. An investigation of the material and process parameters for thin-film MCM-D and MCM-L technologies up to 100 GHz. In Proceedings of the 2003 Electronic Components and Technology Conf., 2003, p. 478 - 486.
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Keywords: Millimeter-wave, benzocyclobutene, low-loss materials.

Z. Raida, P. Kadlec, P. Kovacs, J. Lacik, Z. Lukes, M. Pokorny, P. Vsetula, D. Wolansky [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Multi-objective Synthesis of Antennas from Special and Conventional Materials

In the paper, we try to provide a comprehensive look on a multi-objective design of radiating, guiding and reflecting structures fabricated both from special materials (semiconductors, high-impedance surfaces) and conventional ones (microwave substrates, fully metallic antennas). Discussions are devoted to the proper selection of the numerical solver used for evaluating partial objectives, to the selection of the domain of analysis, to the proper formulation of the multi-objective function and to the way of computing the Pareto front of optimal solutions (here, we exploit swarm-intelligence algorithms, evolutionary methods and self-organizing migrating algorithms). The above-described approaches are applied to the design of selected types of microwave antennas, transmission lines and reflectors. Considering obtained results, the paper is concluded by generalizing remarks.

  1. BOERINGER, D. W., WERNER, D. H. Bezier representations for the multi-objective optimization of conformal array amplitude weights. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2006, vol. 54, no. 7, p. 1964–1970.
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Keywords: Semiconductor antennas, conical antennas, planar antennas, fractal antennas, multi-objective optimization, evolutionary algorithms, swarm intelligence algorithms, self-organizing migrating algorithms, antenna measurements.

P. Kadlec, Z. Raida [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A Novel Multi-Objective Self-Organizing Migrating Algorithm

In the paper, a novel stochastic Multi-Objective Self Organizing Migrating Algorithm (MOSOMA) is introduced. For the search of optima, MOSOMA employs a migration technique used in a single-objective Self Organizing Migrating Algorithm (SOMA). In order to obtain a uniform distribution of Pareto optimal solutions, a novel technique considering Euclidian distances among solutions is introduced. MOSOMA performance was tested on benchmark problems and selected electromagnetic structures. MOSOMA performance was compared with the performance of the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) and the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2). MOSOMA excels in the uniform distribution of solutions and their completeness.

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  6. ZITZLER, E., LAUMANNS, M., THIELE, L. SPEA2: Improving the strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm. Technical report 103, Zurich, Switzerland: Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory (TIK), Swiss Federal Institute of technology (ETH), 2001.
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Keywords: Multi-objective optimization, self-organizing migrating algorithm, Pareto front of optimal solutions.

J. Bartyzal, T. Bostik, P. Kovacs, T. Mikulasek, J. Puskely, Z. Raida, L. Slama, J. Vorek, D. Wolansky [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Antenna Arrays for Tactical Communication Systems: A Comparative Study

In this paper, we give a comparative study of several planar antenna concepts for reliable long range links in a tactical environment. The antenna elements are studied in terms of their electrical properties (bandwidth, reflection coefficient and radiation characteristics) and construction (robustness and material consumption). First, we model single antenna elements to investigate if they meet the requirements. Second, we arrange the elements with the best features into 2x2 arrays. Computer simulations of the arrays are verified by measurements. Finally, we formulate recommendations for large array (8x8 or 16x16 elements) synthesis to achieve the required properties.

  1. LEE, K. F., CHEN, W. (Eds.) Advances in Microstrip and Printed Antennas. New York: John Wiley and Sons, p. 53-63 and p. 71- 121, 1997.
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Keywords: Planar antenna array, tactical communication systems, aperture-fed antenna, stacked-patch antenna, E-shaped patch antenna, U-slot patch antenna, feeding network

O. Moravek, K. Hoffmann [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Improvement to Load-pull Technique for Design of Large-signal Amplifier in K band

An improvement to the load-pull technique for a large-signal design of a transistor amplifier is proposed. On the contrary to the current load-pull technique – a small-signal pre-matching on the output of the transistor is applied which results in reduced demands on a maximum VSWR of the tuner. This minimizes the launcher radiation in the K band and reduce measurement uncertainty. The proposed method has been verified on a design of 22 GHz large-signal amplifier using a Excelics EPA018A-70 transistor.

  1. MEDIAVILLA, A. Equivallent circuit modelling theory and HEMT. In ITSS 2009 Summer School Proceedings. Rome (Italy), 2009.
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  5. RABOCH, J., HOFFMANN, K., ˇSKVOR, Z., HUDEC, P. Hidden problems in precise calibration on microstrip. In Proceedings of 72nd ARFTG Microwave Measurement Symposium Fall 2008. Portland (OR, USA), 2008, p. 37 - 39.
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Keywords: K frequency band, large-signal measurement, load-pull, microstrip launcher radiation, large-signal amplifier, small-signal pre-matching

R. Dvorak, T. Urbanec [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Data Processing in Multiport-Based Reflectometer System

The paper describes operations with DC output voltage of multiport based system. Proposed system is based on the same principle as common six ports systems, however the used coupler has more outputs. This allows extension of bandwidth and higher precision of the measurement. To process measured data standard six port system calculations are used. To get more accurate results than in the case of simple six port system additional statistical methods can be used. The higher number of outputs produces large amount of measurement and calibration data, however using described technique this amount of data were reduced.

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Keywords: Six-port reflectometer, vector scattering parameters measurement, microwave detector, diode detector.

W. Lu, W. Yan, D. Han, X. B. Zhao [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Faraday Rotation Correction for Passive Microwave Remote Sensing from Space

Faraday rotation (FR) is one of the main error sources for passive microwave remote sensing from space especially in frequencies less than or equal to 10.7 GHz. In this paper, Faraday rotation correction for the vertical brightness temperature at L band and the third Stokes parameter brightness temperature at 10.7 GHz are discussed. Two approaches are studied to remove the influence of FR: correction by auxiliary data and correction by polarimetric mode. At 1.4 GHz, correction by polarimetric mode performs better than correction by auxiliary data. At 10.7 GHz, correction by auxiliary data is feasible while polarimetric mode correction becomes invalid. We propose a new method of using TEC data released by international GNSS service (IGS) for correction. It has been proved that the residual correction errors are reduced. IGS data method greatly improves the correction accuracy.

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Keywords: Faraday rotation, Stokes parameter, polarimetric mode correction, correction by auxiliary data, international GNSS service (IGS)

Y.Song, C.M.Tse [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
EM Scattering by a Conducting Sphere Coated with a Uniaxial Layer under Arbitrary Illumination Angle in a Fixed Laboratory Frame

Under a fixed laboratory frame, the electromagnetic theory of the scattering of a plane wave of arbitrary polarizations incidence from arbitrary angles by a uniaxial anisotropic medium was obtained for the first time, and could be solved analytically from an eigensystem determined by a uniaxial anisotropic medium. By applying the boundary conditions at respective interfaces of the coated spherical structure, the unknown expansion coefficients can be obtained from the incident field and the electromagnetic fields in the anisotropic medium, and from the scattered field. Not only did the numerical results demonstrate the validity of our proposed theory but this paper shall also provide discussions in relation to some general cases (under arbitrary incident angles) of bistatic radar cross section.

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Keywords: Electromagnetic scattering, radar cross section (RCS), uniaxial anisotropic media, perfect electric conductor (PEC), spherical vector function, incident angle, azimuthal angle, axial ratio

P. Rezaee, M. Tayarani, R. Knochel [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Miniaturized Microstrip Filter Design Using Active Learning Method

Relating coupling and external quality factor of a filter to the physical parameters of the structure which is the final step of any filter design is usually complicated due to geometrical complexities of the filter, or in the case of microstrip resonators due to the lack of the exact solution for the field distribution. Therefore, common approach is using time consuming full wave simulations. In this paper active learning method (ALM) which is a fuzzy-based modeling technique developed by a procedure algorithmically mimics the information-handling process of the human brain, is proposed to overcome this drawback. Modeling steps of an unknown function using ALM will be described using an illustrative example. Afterwards, the modeling approach will be implemented to model coupling factor between two coupled spiral resonators (SRs) for two different coupling structures and external quality factor of the same resonator. Accuracy of the extracted surfaces is validated using two different criteria. Using the extracted surfaces; a four pole chebychev bandpass filter was designed and fabricated. Good agreement between the measured response and simulation validated the accuracy of the extracted surfaces again. Comparing the fabricated SR filter with a square open loop resonator (SOLR) one demonstrates more than 70% of filter area reduction.

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  8. KABIR, H., WANG, Y., YU, M., ZHANG, Q-J. High-dimensional neural-network technique and applications to microwave filter modelling. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2010, vol. 58, no.1, p. 145 - 156.
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Keywords: Active learning method, coupling factor computation, external quality factor computation, soft computing techniques, spiral resonator.

Liu Liu, Cheng Tao, Jiahui Qiu, Houjin Chen [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
An Performance Study for Sectorised Antenna based Doppler Diversity in High-Speed Railway Communications

The wireless channel of High-Speed Railway communication system is rapidly time-varying. The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing transmitting over this channel will be exposed to the intercarrier interference caused by large Doppler spread. The sectorised antenna can be employed for Doppler mitigation and obtaining Doppler diversity gain. In this paper the performance of this directional antenna is analyzed. The preferable partition scheme for the omnidirectional antenna and the optimal Doppler compensation frequency are addressed firstly. And the uncorrelated property of the signal received from the different sectorised antennas is demonstrated originally which can be utilized for Doppler diversity gain. Finally, it is proved by the simulation results that this architecture will allows us to achieve remarkable performance under high mobility conditions.

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  3. GE, R., SUN, S. ICI performance analysis for all phase OFDM systems. Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, 2009, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 118 - 123.
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Keywords: Doppler diversity, sectorised antenna, High-Speed Railway.

T. Gotthans, J. Petrzela [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Experimental Study of the Sampled Labyrinth Chaos

In this paper, some new numerical as well as experimental results connected with the so-called labyrinth chaos are presented. This very unusual chaotic motion can be generated by mathematical model involving the scalar goniometrical functions which makes a three-dimensional autonomous dynamical system strongly nonlinear. Final circuitry implementation with analog core and digital parts can be used for modeling Brownian motion. From the viewpoint of generating chaotic motion by some electronic circuit, first step is to solve problems associated with the two-port nonlinear transfer functions synthesis. In the case of labyrinth chaos the finite dynamical range of the input variables introduced by the used active elements usually limits the performance greatly, similarly as it holds for the multi-grid spiral attractors. This paper shows an elegant way how to remove these obstacles by using uni-versal multiple-port with internal digital signal processing.

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  13. MUTHUSWAMY, B. CHUA, L. O. Simplest chaotic circuit. Int. J. of Bifurcation and Chaos, 2010, vol. 20, no. 5, p. 1567 - 1580.
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Keywords: Analog oscillator, labyrinth chaos, signal processing, Lyapunov exponents, sampled dynamics.

D. Cerny, J. Dobes [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Common LISP as Simulation Program (CLASP) of Electronic Circuits

In this paper, an unusual and efficient usage of functional programming language Common LISP as simulation program (CLASP) for electronic circuits is proposed. The principle of automatic self-modifying program has enabled complete freedom in definition of methods for optimized solution of any problem and speeding up the entire process of simulation. A new approach to program structure in electronic circuit simulator CLASP is described. The definition of simple electronic devices as resistor, voltage source and diode is given all together with description of their memory management in program CLASP. Other circuit elements can be easily defined in the same way. Simulation methods for electronic circuits as linear and nonlinear direct current analysis (DC) are suggested. A comparison of performances of two different linear solvers (an original and the standard GNU GSL) for circuit equations is demonstrated by an algorithm for automatic generation of huge circuits.

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Keywords: Common LISP, computer simulation, electronic circuits, device models

C. Sakul, W. Jaikla, K. Dejhan [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
New Resistorless Current-mode Quadratur Oscillators Using 2 CCCDTAs and Grounded Capacitors

The current-mode quadrature oscillators using 2 current controlled current differencing transconductance amplifiers (CCCDTAs) and 2 grounded capacitors are presented. The proposed oscillators can provide 2 sinusoidal output currents with 90º phase difference. The oscillation condition and oscillation frequency can be electronically/independently controlled by adjusting the bias current of the CCCDTA. High output impedances of the configuration enable the circuit to be cascaded without additional current buffers. The use of only grounded capacitors is ideal for integration. The PSpice simulation results are depicted. The given results agree well with the theoretical anticipation.

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Keywords: Sinusoidal oscillator, CCCDTA, current-mode

R. Senani, S. S. Gupta [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Current-Mode Universal Biquad Using Current Followers: A Minimal Realization

A new universal biquad filter is presented which employs a minimum number of active elements (only three current followers (CF)) along with a minimum number of passive components (i.e. only two resistors and two capacitors). The new circuit provides all the five standard filter responses (namely lowpass, bandpass, highpass, notch and allpass) from the same structure without requiring any component matching conditions and with explicit current outputs available from high output impedance terminals. The workability of the proposed universal biquad, realised with unity-gain current followers implemented in 0.35 µm CMOS and operated from 1.65 volts DC power supplies, is established by SPICE simulations.

  1. IBRAHIM, M. A., MINAEI, S., KUNTMAN, H. A. 22.5 MHz current-mode KHN-biquad using differential voltage current conveyor and grounded passive elements. AEU- International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 2005, vol. 59, p. 311-318.
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  15. SIRIPRUCHYANUN, M., JAIKLA, W. Electronically controllable current-mode universal biquad filter using single DO-CCCDTA. Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing, 2008, vol. 27, p. 113-122.
  16. SOTNER, R., SLEZAK, J., DOSTAL, T., PETRZELA, J. Universal tunable current-mode biquad employing distributed feedback structure with MO- CCCII. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2010, vol. 61, p. 52-56.
  17. JERABEK, J., SOTNER, R., VRBA, K. Fully-differential current amplifier and its application to universal and adjustable filter. In 2010 International Conference on Applied Electronics. Plzen: University of West Bohemia, 2010, p. 141-144.
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Keywords: Universal filters, current followers, current-mode circuits

W. Tangsrirat, O. Channumsin [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
High-Input Impedance Voltage-Mode Multifunction Filter Using a Single DDCCTA and Grounded Passive Elements

In this paper, a novel single-input three-output (SITO) second-order multifunction active voltage filter with high-input impedance is proposed. The proposed circuit is based on using the recently reported active building block, namely differential difference current conveyor transconductance amplifier (DDCCTA). It employs one DDCCTA as active element together with one grounded resistor and two grounded capacitors as passive elements. The circuit still maintains the following advantageous features : (i) the simultaneous realization of lowpass, bandpass and highpass responses from the same topology, (ii) no requirements for component matching conditions, (iii) electronic controllability of important filter parameters, (iv) simpler structure due to contains only one DDCCTA and three passive elements, and (v) low sensitivity performance. The non-ideal gain effects of the developed filter are examined and PSPICE simulation results are included using 0.5 um MIETEC CMOS technology parameters.

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Keywords: Differential Difference Current Conveyor Transconductance Amplifier (DDCCTA), universal filter, voltage-mode circuit

N. Pandey, P. Kumar [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Realization of Resistorless Wave Active Filter using Differential Voltage Current Controlled Conveyor Transconductance Amplifier

In this paper, a resistorless realization of high order voltage mode wave active filter based on Differential Voltage current controlled conveyor transconductance amplifier (DVCCCTA) is presented. The wave method is used for simulating reflected and incident wave for basic building block i.e. series inductor and configuring it for other passive element realization by making appropriate connection. The proposed structure uses grounded capacitors and possesses electronic tunability of cutoff frequency. The proposed approach is verified for a 4th order low pass filter through SPICE simulation using 0.25µm TSMC CMOS technology parameters.

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  12. JAIKLA, W., SIRIPRUCHYANUN, M., LAHIRI, A. Resistorless dual-mode quadrature sinusoidal oscillator using a single active building block. Microelectronics Journal, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.mejo.2010.08.017
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Keywords: Differential voltage current controlled conveyor transconductance amplifier, wave Active Filter.

P. Beg, I. A. Khan, S. Maheshwari, M. A. Siddiqi [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Digitally Programmable Fully Differential Filter

In this paper a new digitally programmable voltage mode fully differential Kerwin-Huelsman-Newcomb(KHN) filter is realized using digitally controlled CMOS fully balanced output transconductor (DCBOTA). The realized filter uses five DCBOTAs, a single resistor and two capacitors. The filter provides low-pass, high-pass and band-pass responses simultaneously. The pole-frequency of all the responses is controlled by externally applying an 8- bit digital control word. All the responses exhibit independent digital control for pole-ω0 and pole-Q. The proposed filter also offers low passive sensitivities. Non-ideal gain and parasitic associated with the actual DCBOTA is also discussed. The CMMR results for low-pass response are also included which highlight the advantage of a fully-differential operation. Exhaustive PSPICE simulation is carried out using 0.5µ technology which may be further scaled to explore state-of-the-art applications of the proposed circuit.

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Keywords: Fully differential, digital control, KHN filter

V. Sebesta, R. Marsalek, Z. Fedra [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
OFDM Signal Detector Based on Cyclic Autocorrelation Function and its Properties

This paper is devoted to research of the general and particular properties of the OFDM signal detector based on the cyclic autocorrelation function. The cyclic autocorrelation function is estimated using DFT. The parameters of the testing signal have been chosen according to 802.11g WLAN. Some properties are described analytically; all events are examined via computer simulations. It is shown that the detector is able to detect an OFDM signal in the case of multipath propagation, inexact frequency synchronization and without time synchronization. The sensitivity of the detector could be decreased in the above cases. An important condition for proper value of the detector sampling interval was derived. Three types of the channels were studied and compared. Detection threshold SNR=-9 dB was found for the signal under consideration and for two-way propagation.

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  12. HAN, N., SOHN, S. H., KIM, J. M. Cyclic autocorrelation based blind OFDM detection and identification for cognitive radio. Journal of Communication and Computer [online]. May 2009, vol. 6, no. 5, [cit. March 17, 2011]. Available in www: . ISSN 1548-7709.
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  14. SEBESTA, V. Estimating a spectral correlation function under the conditions of imperfect relation between signal frequencies and a sampling frequency. Radioengineering, 2010, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1- 5.
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Keywords: Spectrum sensing, cyclic autocorrelation function, OFDM, fading channel, frequency offset.

B. Dimitrijevic, N. Milosevic, R. Marsalek, Z. Nikolic [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
BPSK Receiver Based on Recursive Adaptive Filter with Remodulation

This paper proposes a new binary phase shift keying (BPSK) signal receiver intended for reception under conditions of significant carrier frequency offsets. The recursive adaptive filter with least mean squares (LMS) adaptation is used. The proposed receiver has a constant, defining the balance between the recursive and the nonrecursive part of the filter, whose proper choice allows a simple construction of the receiver. The correct choice of this parameter could result in unitary length of the filter. The proposed receiver has performance very close to the performance of the BPSK receiver with perfect frequency synchronization, in a wide range of frequency offsets (plus/minus quarter of the signal bandwidth). The results obtained by the software simulation are confirmed by the experimental results measured on the receiver realized with the universal software radio peripheral (USRP), with the baseband signal processing at personal computer (PC).

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Keywords: Binary Phase Shift Keying, adaptive signal processing, frequency offset compensation.

P. Moravek, D. Komosny, M. Simek, D. Girbau, A. Lazaro [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Energy Analysis of Received Signal Strength Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents the investigation of energy demands during localization of wireless nodes in ad-hoc networks. We focus on the method based on the received signal strength (RSS) to estimate the distances between the nodes. To deal with the uncertainty of this technique, statistical methods are used. It implies more measurement samples to be taken and consequently more energy to be spent. Therefore, we investigate the accuracy of localization and the consumed energy in the relation to the number of measurement samples. The experimental measurements were conducted with IRIS sensor motes and their results related to the proposed energy model. The results show that the expended energy is not related linearly to the localization error. First, improvement of the accuracy rises fast with more measurement samples. Then, adding more samples, the accuracy increase is moderate, which means that the marginal energy cost of the additional improvement is higher.

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Keywords: Received signal strength, localization, localization error, energy consumption, RSS uncertainty, measurement, Wireless sensor network

N. Ferdous, M. Ahmed, M. A. Matin, U. Habiba [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Efficient Algorithm for Power Allocation in Relay-based Cognitive Radio Network

This paper addresses a cognitive radio (CR) network scenario where a relay is assigned to mitigate interference to primary users (PUs). We develop an average probability of successful secondary transmission (PSST) to introduce relay in the CR network. The power allocation is done using dual domain concept to maximize the system throughput as well as maintaining interference to an acceptable level and this approach is implemented in our paper that has a higher convergence rate. Furthermore, we propose an alternative approach that maintains a high throughput and at the same time reduces the computational complexity significantly. A detailed analysis is done before simulation. The simulated results validate the theoretical analysis.

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Keywords: Cooperative cognitive radio system, power allocation, dual domain, spectrum balancing algorithm, system throughput

L. Polak, T. Kratochvil [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Analysis and Simulation of the Transmission Distortions of the Mobile Digital Television DVB-SH Part 1: Terrestrial Mode DVB-SH-A with OFDM

This paper deals with the latest digital TV standard DVB-SH (Digital Video Broadcasting - Satellite to Handhelds) with focus on utilization of its advantages for the next generation of mobile TV broadcasting. The whole paper consists of two parts. In this first part, after the brief introduction to DVB-SH and related last works review, the simulation model of DVB-SH-A, which is using terrestrial configuration with OFDM transmission mode, is presented. The work is especially focused on the description of new type of forward error correction and system configuration of the DVB-SH-A mode. For the analysis and simulation of the transmission, the original scheme of turbo encoder was modified in this paper. Application for simulation of the transmission in mobile and portable fading transmission channels was developed in MATLAB. Dependences of BER on C/N ratio for all types of payload modulation are compared with focus on mobile TV services availability. Finally, the achieved results are evaluated and clearly discussed.

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Keywords: Digital television, mobile TV, DVB-SH-A, turbo coding, portable reception, mobile reception, BER

K. B. Baltzis [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A Simplified Geometric Channel Model for Mobile-to-Mobile Communications

In Mobile-to-Mobile (M2M) communications, the communicating nodes are surrounded by scatterers and equipped with low elevation antennas. This paper proposes a simple 2-D geometric scattering model for M2M channels. The model is also applicable in cellular systems when we employ low height base station antennas. In our approach, the scatterers are uniformly distributed in ellipses with arbitrary size and orientation around each communicating node. We provide simple formulas for the calculation of the angular spread and delay variation of the propagating signal. Simulation results verify the accuracy of the model. In order to validate the generalization of the approach, we compare it against notable models in the literature. As an application example, we investigate the impact of scatterer distribution and separation between mobiles on the angle and time of arrival statistics of the multipaths.

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Keywords: Angle of arrival, time of arrival, regular-shaped Geometrical-Based Stochastic Models, scattering, Mobile-to-Mobile channel.

S. M. S. Sadough, M. Modarresi [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A New Method For Increasing the Accuracy of EM-based Channel Estimation

It was recently shown that the detection performance can be significantly improved if the statistics of channel estimation errors are available and properly used at the receiver. Although in pilot-only channel estimation it is usually straightforward to characterize the statistics of channel estimation errors, this is not the case for the class of data-aided (semi-blind) channel estimation techniques. In this paper, we focus on the widely-used data-aided channel estimation techniques based on the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. This is achieved by a modified formulation of the EM algorithm which provides the receiver with the statistics of the estimation errors and properly using this additional information. Simulation results show that the proposed data-aided estimator outperform its classical counterparts in terms of accuracy, without requiring additional complexity at the receiver.

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Keywords: EM algorithm, VBEM algorithm, joint iterative data detection and channel estimation, characterizing channel estimation errors, OFDM.

C. Gong, B. N. Zhang, A. J. Liu, D. X. Guo [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
A High Accurate and Low Bias SNR Estimator: Algorithm and Implementation

Signal to noise ratio (SNR) estimators are required for many radio engineering applications. In this paper, a SNR estimator based on the first and second order moments is derived and examined for constant envelop modulations over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. In the first, a modification method is proposed to reduce the bias of conventional first and second order moments based SNR estimator. Then, in order to reduce hardware implementation complicity, multi segments of cubic polynomial are adopted to approximate the expression of the proposed SNR estimator which doesn’t have a close form solution. The approximate expression is very precise in the SNR range -10dB ~ 20 dB as illustrated by numerical simulation. Besides, practical hardware circuit is proposed for FPGA implementation. Simulation results show that the proposed SNR estimator has the lowest normalized bias and variance when compared with two other classic estimators.

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Keywords: SNR estimation, MPSK, moment based, curve fitting, FPGA

M. Stanić, A. Lebl, D. Mitić, Z. Markov [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Error Probability in Redundant Packet Sending over IP Network

In this paper we calculate error probability of packetized signal when method of redundant packet sending is used in IP network. The number of repeated signaling packets from each interval of packetization is determined to achieve the desired error probability. The method for management of this number of repetitions is developed based on the new analysis. This method is especially important in the case of sending signaling criteria of classic telephony network over IP network, because it makes possible to reach the same error probability as in classic telephony network.

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Keywords: IP network, error probability, redundant packet

Y. Tang, R. Simerly, R. A. Moats [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
An Automatic Technique for MRI Based Murine Abdominal Fat Measurement

Because of the well-known relationship between obesity and high incidence of diseases, fat related research using mice models is being widely investigated in preclinical experiments. In the present study, we developed a technique to automatically measure mice abdominal adipose volume and determine the depot locations using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Our technique includes an innovative method to detect fat tissues from MR images which not only utilizes the T1 weighted intensity information, but also takes advantage of the transverse relaxation time(T2) calculated from the multiple echo data. The technique contains both a fat optimized MRI imaging acquisition protocol that works well at 7T and a newly designed post processing methodology that can automatically accomplish the fat extraction and depot recognition without user intervention in the segmentation procedure. The post processing methodology has been integrated into easy-to-use software that we have made available via free download. The method was validated by comparing automated results with two independent manual analyses in 26 mice exhibiting different fat ratios from the obesity research project. The comparison confirms a close agreement between the results in total adipose tissue size and voxel-by-voxel overlaps.

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Keywords: Measurement, MRI, abdominal, mice, FatExtractor.

D. Schwarz, T. Kasparek [references] [full-text] [Download Citations]
Comparison of Two Methods for Automatic Brain Morphometry Analysis

The methods of computational neuroanatomy are widely used; the data on their individual strengths and limitations from direct comparisons are, however, scarce. The aim of the present study was direct comparison of DBM based on high-resolution spatial transforms with widely used VBM analysis based on segmented high-resolution images. We performed DBM and VBM analyses on simulated volume changes in a set of 20 3-D MR images, compared to 30 MR images, where only random spatial transforms were introduced. The ability of the two methods to detect regions with the simulated volume changes was determined using overlay index together with the ground truth regions of the simulations; the precision of the detection in space was determined using the distance measures between the centers of detected and simulated regions. DBM was able to detect all the regions with simulated local volume changes with high spatial precision. On the other hand, VBM detected only changes in vicinity of the largest simulated change, with a poor overlap of the detected changes and the ground truth. Taken together we suggest that the analysis of high-resolution deformation fields is more convenient, sensitive, and precise than voxel-wise analysis of tissue-segmented images.

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Keywords: Image registration, voxel-based morphometry, deformation-based morphometry, simulated deformations, MRI.