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Radioengineering

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Proceedings of Czech and Slovak Technical Universities

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April 2022, Volume 31, Number 1 [DOI: 10.13164/re.2022-1]

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D. T. Le, N. M. Nguyen, T. T. Le [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2022.0001] [Download Citations]
Zero-Chirp and Low Power PAM-4 Modulation Based on SOI Cascaded Multimode Interference Structures

We present a new architecture for generation of multilevel pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) signal generation based on cascaded 4x4 multimode interference (MMI) structure used for optical interconnects and data centre network. The proposed device can generate two ring resonator structures with capability of critical coupling control. The push-pull configuration then is used at two ring resonators for PAM-4 level generation, so a zero chirp can be achieved. In this structure an M-shape transmission can be created for the first time. We use this property for an extreme reduction of power consumption with a lower level than 4-28 times compared with the PAM-4 generation based on the Mach Zehnder Modulator (MZM), respectively. Based on this structure, an extreme high bandwidth and compact footprint are also achieved. The whole device is designed and analyzed using the existing VLSI silicon photonics.

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Keywords: Data center networks, high performance computing, Multimode interference (MMI), microring resonator, integrated optics, higher order modulation, optical computing systems

I. Herrero-Sebastian, C. Benavente-Peces [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2022.0007] [Download Citations]
Two-Propagation-Modes and Dual-Band Antenna for Circular Polarized TX/RX Systems at C-Band

This paper presents a novel slotted array for dual-band and circular-polarized applications. Two different propagation modes within a Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW), TE10 and TE20, feed at the same time two pairs of slots, aimed at different frequency bands. The pairs are properly placed to be illuminated by an only propagation mode, whereas the magnetic field of the other propagation mode presents a null. Unlike many dual-band slot arrays, this novel antenna holds the same beam tilt for both frequency bands by a new method, which is only feasible through the use of two propagation modes. A dual-mode transition, based on a double microstrip input, allows to excite both propagation modes within the SIW, and it can be fed by a novel single layer dual-band phase shifter with a different shift at each frequency. A square patch is placed over each pair of slots to increase the coupled energy per element, resulting in a low polarization loss and high performance compact antenna at 3.5GHz and 6GHz for dual-band TX/RX systems at C-Band.

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  5. BARIK, R. K., CHENG, Q. S., PRADHAN, N. C., et al. A compact SIW power divider for dual-band applications. Radioengineering, 2020, vol. 29, no. 1, p. 94–100. DOI: 10.13164/re.2020.0094
  6. TAYEBPOUR, J., AHMADI, B., FALLAHZADEH, M., et al. A waveguide switch based on contactless gap waveguide technology. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 2019, vol. 29, no. 12, p. 771–774. DOI: 10.1109/LMWC.2019.2950164
  7. PECH, P., KIM, P., JEONG, Y. Microwave amplifier with substrate integrated waveguide bandpass filter matching network. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 2021, vol. 31, no. 4, p. 401–404. DOI: 10.1109/LMWC.2021.3059859
  8. DER SPUY, T. V., STANDER, T. An X-band crosscoupled SIW cavity VCO. In European Microwave Conference (EuMC). Utrecht (Netherlands), 2021, p. 100–103. DOI: 10.23919/EuMC48046.2021.9338009
  9. SU, W., LI, J., LIU, R.-H. A compact double-layer wideband circularly polarized microstrip antenna with parasitic elements. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 2021, vol. 31, no. 1, p. e22471. DOI: 10.1002/mmce.22471
  10. ZHU, X. W., GAO, J., CAO, X. Y., et al. A novel low-RCS and wideband circularly polarized patch array based on metasurface. Radioengineering, 2019, vol. 28, no. 1, p. 99–107. DOI: 10.13164/re.2019.0099
  11. HO, A. T., PISTONO, E., CORRAO, N., et al. Circular polarized square slot antenna based on slow-wave substrate integrated waveguide. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2021, vol. 69, no. 3, p. 1273–1282. DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2020.3030933
  12. CHEN, H., SHAO, Y., ZHANG, Y., et al. A millimeter-wave triple-band SIW antenna with dual-sense circular polarization. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2020, vol. 68, no. 12, p. 8162–8167. DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2020.2996806
  13. BUI, C. D., NGUYEN TRONG, N., NGUYEN, T. K. A planar dualband and dual-sense circularly polarized microstrip patch leaky-wave antenna. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2020, vol. 19, no. 12, p. 2162–2166. DOI: 10.1109/LAWP.2020.3026067
  14. AGARWAL, R., YADAVA, R. L., DAS, S.Amulti-layered SIW based circularly polarized CRLH leaky wave antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2021, vol. 69, no. 10, p. 6312–6321. DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2021.3082618
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  21. RUDRAMUNI, K., MAJUMDER, B., KANDASAMY, K. Dualband dual-polarized leaky-wave structure with forward and backward beam scanning for circular polarization-flexible antenna application. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2020, vol. 62, no. 5, p. 2075–2084. DOI: 10.1002/mop.32285
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  23. HERRERO-SEBASTIAN, I., BENAVENTE-PECES, C. A novel two-propagation-modes dual-polarized slotted-SIW antenna for 5G and sub-6GHz services. International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation (IRECAP), 2021, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 147–155. DOI: 10.15866/irecap.v11i3.20810
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  25. MADDIO, S. A compact two-level sequentially rotated circularly polarized antenna array for C-band applications. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2015, vol. 2015, p. 1–10. DOI: 10.1155/2015/830920
  26. FARASAT, M., THALAKOTUNA, D. N., HU, Z., et al. A review on 5G sub-6 GHz base station antenna design challenges. Electronics, 2021, vol. 10, no. 16, p. 1-20. DOI: 10.3390/electronics10162000
  27. ARNAUD, E., HUITEMA, L., CHANTALAT, R., et al. Circularly polarized ferrite patch antenna for LEO satellite applications. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, 2020, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 332–338. DOI: 10.1017/S1759078719001429
  28. CHEN, S., KARMOKAR, D. K., QIN, P., et al. Polarizationreconfigurable leaky-wave antenna with continuous beam scanning through broadside. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2020, vol. 68, no. 1, p. 121–133. DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2019.2935122
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Keywords: SIW, Phase-Shifter, Dual-band, Circular-Polarization, Array, Slot, C-band, 5G

J. Ashish, A. Prakasa Rao [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2022.0015] [Download Citations]
A Dual Band CRLH Metamaterial-Inspired Planar Antenna for Wireless Applications

This paper presents the design of a metamaterial based dual band dual-polarized monopole antenna applicable for wireless applications. A monopole antenna is designed and loaded with a CRLH MTM inspired unit cell on either side of the substrate to operate as a dual band antenna with an improved impedance matching and circular polarization in one of the bands. The overall size of the antenna is 24 mm x 17 mm x 1.6 mm, operating at centre frequencies of 3.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz. Measurements were carried out and the impedance bandwidths obtained in the two bands are 940 MHz (26.8%) and 490 MHz (8.9%) with linear polarization in the first band and circular polarization with an axial ratio bandwidth of 150 MHz in the second band of operation. The obtained peak gains of the antenna in the two bands are 4 dBi and 5.1 dBi respectively, with a considerable agreement between the simulated and measured results.

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  6. LI, H., ZHENG, Q., DING, J., et al. Dual‐band planar antenna loaded with CRLH unit cell for WLAN/WiMAX application. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, 2018, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 132–136. DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2016.1133
  7. GHAFFAR, A., LI, X. J., AWAN, W. A., et al. Design and realization of a frequency reconfigurable multimode antenna for ISM, 5G-Sub-6-GHz, and S-band applications. Applied Sciences, 2021, vol. 11, no. 4, p. 1–14. DOI: 10.3390/app11041635
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  9. GHAFFAR, A., LI, X. J., AWAN, W. A., et al. Capacitor loaded dual-band flexible antenna for ISM band applications. In 9th IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation (APCAP). Xiamen (China), 2020, p. 1–2. DOI: 10.1109/APCAP50217.2020.9246091
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  25. HUANG, H., LIU, Y., ZHANG, S., et al. Multiband metamaterialloaded monopole antenna for WLAN/WiMAX applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2014, vol. 14, p. 662–665. DOI: 10.1109/LAWP.2014.2376969
  26. ABDALLA, M. A., HU, Z., MUVIANTO, C. Analysis and design of a triple band metamaterial simplified CRLH cells loaded monopole antenna. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, 2017, vol. 9, no. 4, p. 903–913. DOI: 10.1017/S1759078716000738

Keywords: CRLH, dual band, linear polarization, circular polarization

S. Bala, P. S. Reddy, S. Sarkar, P. P. Sarkar [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2022.0023] [Download Citations]
Small Size Wideband Monopole Antenna with Five Notch Bands for Different Wireless Applications

A broadband planar monopole antenna with five notch bands is proposed here. The antenna provides broadband from 1.94 GHz to 15.4 GHz with five notch bands covering 3.1-4.1 GHz, 6-6.4 GHz, 8.2-9.2 GHz, 10-11.6 GHz, and 12.38-12.89 GHz. These notch bands are effectively used to remove undesired interferences from the WiMAX (3.2-3.8 GHz), partial standard C band (5.850-6.415 GHz), partial ITU band (8.025-8.4 GHz), partial X band (8-12 GHz), and partial Ku downlink frequency band (12.2-12.7 GHz). The notch bands have been realized by etching three notch elements on the patch, feed line, and two small narrow open-ended slots on the ground plane. The design of the proposed antenna is very simple and it utilizes only the volume of 20×40×1.6 mm3. The antenna is useful for wideband fast data communication systems.

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Keywords: Wideband, monopole, notch band, S11 parameter, gain, radiation pattern

A. M. Ameen, M. I. Ahmed, H. Elsadek, W. R. Anis [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2022.0032] [Download Citations]
28 GHz Switched Beam Vivaldi Antenna System for V2V Communication in 5G Applications

A 28GHz switched beam Vivaldi antenna system consisting of 4 Vivaldi antennas for V2V communication is presented. The proposed design is realized on a substrate material of “Rogers 5880” with ε_r=2.2,tanδ=0.002 and 0.508 mm substrate thickness. The antenna is designed to operate at a center frequency of 28 GHz with operating bandwidth of 1.463 GHz (5.23%). An overall realized gain of 9.78 dBi is achieved at the intended center frequency. The proposed antenna is designed and simulated. It is also fabricated using photolithography techniques and measured using R&S vector network analyzer. Good agreement is obtained between both simulated, and measured results.

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Keywords: Vivaldi antenna, ITS, Vehicle to Vehicle communication, switched beam antenna, 5G applicationsز

K. Quzwain, Y. Yamada, K. Kamardin, N. H. Abd Rahman, A. Ismail [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2022.0039] [Download Citations]
New Reflector Shaping Methods for Dual-Reflector Antenna

In the fifth-generation (5G) mobile system, new millimeter-wave technologies such as small cell size and multibeam operation are introduced at the base station. Currently, linear array antennas are used at base stations, however higher design complexity and increased losses in feeding network are expected when the same technology is used to produce multibeams in 5G operation. Through a suitable configuration, a dual-reflector antenna system seems to be a promising candidate to replace the currently used array antennas due to the feasibility of achieving high gain and good multibeam characteristics. In the previous authors’ work, in order to increase the antenna gain at on-focus beams, a reflector shaping method was applied to the dual-reflector antenna, and constant phase and adequate amplitude distribution were achieved on the aperture plane. Furthermore, a good multibeam performance was validated through the consistency of multiple off-focus beam patterns, where a shaped spherical reflector antenna has been used. However, during off-focus conditions, spherical aberration has degraded the phase distribution on the aperture plane and caused reduction in the antenna gain. In this paper, modification to the reflector shaping method using equivalent parabola and equivalent circle method is performed to achieve a reflector antenna system having a constant phase distribution on the aperture plane. The idea of modifying the reflector shaping method comes from the equivalent parabola concept in the Cassegrain dual reflector antenna. During modification, first, the equivalent parabola and circle equation is implemented in the reflector shaping algorithms. Second, a Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) program is developed in order to solve the reflector design equations and to obtain the main and sub reflector shapes. The MATLAB program is able to generate ray path, aperture illumination distribution and radiation pattern to estimate the adequacy of the reflector shaping results. In the final step, multibeam performance is validated using an electromagnetic simulator, FEKO. Through comparison of the equivalent parabola with the equivalent circle reflectors, an antenna efficiency of 67.6% is obtained and better multibeam radiation patterns are demonstrated using the equivalent circle reflector. Therefore, the usefulness of the newly developed shaping method employing equivalent circle reflector is ensured.

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Keywords: Dual reflector antenna, reflector shaping method, equivalent parabola, ray tracing

S. Pradhan, B. Gupta [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2022.0054] [Download Citations]
Radome Enclosed Circularly Polarized Antenna System with Enhanced Beamwidth

This paper presents a circularly polarized (CP) patch antenna system enclosed by a nosecone radome which has a wide beam response. A U-slot loaded corner truncated patch antenna is mounted upon a conical ground structure for achieving the wide beam response. When two such antennas, one Right Handed CP (RHCP) and another Left Handed CP (LHCP) are placed inside a nosecone radome, a drastic reduction in the antenna beamwidth is observed. Finally a metallic conical ring is added to the structure which improves the beamwidth of the antenna and we achieve a beamwidth of 74° and 120° in the ϕ=0° and ϕ=90° planes respectively. The antenna system also provides a good axial ratio bandwidth performance.

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Keywords: Beamwidth enhancement, circular polarization, conical ground, nosecone radome, U-slot loaded corner truncated microstrip patch antenna

A. D. Magdum, M. Erramshetty, R. P. K. Jagannath [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2022.0062] [Download Citations]
Fractional Regularized Distorted Born Iterative Method for Permittivity Reconstruction

In this paper, we propose a fractional regularized distorted Born iterative method (DBIM) to solve non-linear ill-posed problems of microwave imaging. Fractional regularization is a modification to Tikhonov regularization, where singular values are weighed with fractional power. As a result, the well-known effect of oversmoothing present in Tikhonov regularization is reduced, thereby the output image quality is improved. The results of this method are compared with standard DBIM using Tikhonov regularization. Various numerical examples of simulated and experimental datasets containing homogeneous as well as heterogeneous scatterers are considered to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. It is found that the proposed method improves the accuracy of estimated images over conventional DBIM.

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Keywords: Distorted Born iterative method, fractional regularization, ill-posed problem, microwave imaging, Tikhonov regularization

J. Vesely, J. Olivova, J. Gotthans, T. Gotthans, Z. Raida [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2022.0069] [Download Citations]
Classification of Microwave Planar Filters by Deep Learning

Over the last few decades, deep learning has been considered to be powerful tool in the classification tasks, and has become popular in many applications due to its capability of processing huge amount of data. This paper presents approaches for image recognition. We have applied convolutional neural networks on microwave planar filters. The first task was filter topology classification, the second task was filter order estimation. For the task a dataset was generated. As presented in the results, the created and trained neural networks are very capable of solving the selected tasks.

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Keywords: Convolutional neural network, deep learning, band pass filter, low pass shunt filter, low pass stepped filter, order of filter

P. Kant, J.J. Michalski [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2022.0077] [Download Citations]
Highly Integrated, Very High Gain 20Watt X-Band SSPA in GaN Technology

This paper shows design and development of a highly integrated solid state power amplifier (SSPA) operating in X-Band. The last amplifying stage is realized in GaN technology. For the first time in the high power amplifier, the vertical orientation of the last amplification stage was used, which allowed to significantly minimize the footprint of the device while maintaining high output power and PAE. The device includes full digital control over the entire RF chain using a custom BIAS ASIC controlled via SPI interface, assuring high flexibility and stability of the SSPA. The SSPA operates in a wide frequency range of 8.025 - 8.4 GHz with 20 Watt output power at input power range of -20 dBm to 0 dBm and power added efficiency (PAE) reaching up to 35 %. Although the main application of presented SSPA is earth observation (EO) it can be used in ground segment, e.g. for radar application as well.

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  9. KANT, P., MICHALSKI, J. J. Highly integrated X-band SSPA for new space market. In International Microwave and Radar Conference (MIKON). Warsaw (Poland), 2020, p. 200–203. DOI: 10.23919/MIKON48703.2020.9253817
  10. ALIPARAST, P., NOGHANI, M. T., FARHADI, A., et al. Design of X-band SSPA based on GaN HEMT for telemetry subsystem of near-earth space missions. AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 2021, vol. 137, p. 1–11. DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2021.153781

Keywords: Microwave amplifier, Solid State Power Amplifier, SSPA, GaN Technology

D.R. Du, J. Li, Z.Y. Ding, L.Q. Wu, L. Li, S.J. Huang [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2022.0085] [Download Citations]
A Novel ICIC Scheme Combining 3D ML-SFR and CoMP

With the development of the fifth generation (5G) wireless networks, the dense, heterogeneous and irregular network architecture puts forward higher requirements for inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) technology. How to combine the existing technology to suppress inter-cell interference has become a focus worthy of research. This paper proposes a novel ICIC scheme that combines three-dimensional (3D) multi-level soft frequency reuse (ML-SFR) and coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission technology. Based on the scheme, a model of ML-SFR and CoMP is built for different scenarios. Finally, the information rates of users at the cell edge and the entire cell are analyzed through simulation, respectively. The results show that the proposed scheme is superior to the traditional anti-interference technology in suppressing inter-cell interference. The proposed scheme can effectively improve the transmission performance of the 5G wireless networks.

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Keywords: Inter-cell interference, inter-cell interference coordination, multi-level soft frequency multiplexing, coordinated multipoint

Q. Wang, X. Shen [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2022.0094] [Download Citations]
Power Optimization in Device to Device Communications Underlying 5G Cellular Networks

This paper investigates consumed power minimization and robust beamforming designs in the base station (BTS) in Device to Device (D2D) communications underlying the 5G cellular network. It is supposed that BTS is not aware of the channel state information (CSI), and only an approximation of their covariance is available. Therefore, based on the estimation error of CSI covariance matrices two optimization models are presented to minimize the power consumption and robust beamforming designs. The first model assumes that the upper bound of the estimation errors is limited to their Frobenius norms. So, the main objective of the first model is to calculate the beamforming at the BTS in such a way that the power consumption of the base station is minimized under the constraint that the SINR (signal-to-interference plus noise ratio) of all cellular users is guaranteed to be above a specified predetermined threshold. The second model considers the statistical distribution of the estimation error is known, and a probabilistic model is considered for the uncertainty of CSI covariance matrices. In this sense, the power consumption of the BTS is minimized in such a way that the non-outage probabilities of users are guaranteed to be above a certain predefined threshold. Although these optimization problems are non-convex, it is shown that they can be reformulated to a convex form using a semi-definite relaxation technique to obtain their lower bounds. The simulation results verify that the proposed methods perform much better than the Hybrid MRT-ZF, ZFBF and MRT beamforming methods.

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Keywords: 5G cellular networks, Device to Device communications, power optimization

Y. Pan, X. Gao, X. Xu [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2022.0104] [Download Citations]
Joint Estimation of Direction and Polarization for Partially Polarized Signals Using Tri-polarized Nested Array

Using the dual-polarized array for underdetermined estimation of partially polarized (PP) signal parameters can lead to limited signal-to-ratio (SNR) and biased reconstruction of the coherency matrix. In this paper, a new non-iterative method is proposed with the tri-polarized nested array. With the sub-covariance addition, the power of different polarized components of a signal can be completely accumulated, which improves the SNR. Besides, it is proven that with the optimized tri-polarized nested array, noise variance estimation without iterations becomes possible in the underdetermined case, which is critical for unbiased coherency matrix reconstruction. The subspace-based method is adopted to estimate the direction-of-arrival (DOA), and the polarization parameters can be obtained based on the reconstructed coherency matrices. The proposed method is validated by numerical experiments and compared with other representative methods. It has relatively high accuracy and is about one order of magnitude faster than its competitor.

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Keywords: Direction-of-arrival estimation, nested array, polarization estimation, partially polarized signal, tri-polarized sensor

B. Z. Xu, Y. Q. Chen, H. Gu, W. M. Su [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2022.0114] [Download Citations]
Research on a Novel Clutter Map Constant False Alarm Rate Detector Based on Power Transform

A power transform-based clutter map constant false alarm rate (CM/PT-CFAR) algorithm is proposed to improve the detection performance to the weak target in multiple persisting targets situations. In the CM/PT-CFAR detector, the radar dataset obtained at each scan is normalized and multiplied by a scale factor, and then fed to the power transform operation. The transformed dataset is divided into two parts with a numerical value of 1 as the boundary. The part exceeding 1 is fed to update the scale factor, while the other is used for updating the detection threshold. Because transcendental integrals are produced in the derivation process, an accurate analytical expression of detection probability for CM/PT-CFAR is non-existent. Hence a third-order Taylor expansion operation is introduced to approximate the result. The detection performance of CM/PT-CFAR under various conditions is evaluated and compared with those of other CM/-CFAR detectors. The advantage of CM/PT-CFAR is the detection for weak targets, especially in complex detection situations. The proposed algorithm remains a relatively stable computation load in different cases, which is beneficial for practical application.

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Keywords: Constant false alarm rate, clutter map, power transform, weak target detection, multiple persisting targets, detection probability

I. Kadoun, H. Khaleghi Bizaki [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2022.0127] [Download Citations]
Advanced Features Generation Algorithm for MPSK and MQAM Classification in Flat Fading Channel

The Automatic Modulation Classification (AMC) performance depends on the selected features. Conventionally, Higher-Order Cumulants (HOCs) are the well-known features due to their discrimination ability under different channel conditions. HOCs have good performance under the Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, but their performance degrades under fading channel. This paper proposes an Advanced Features Generation Algorithm (AFGA) that generates mathematical forms of new features based on the maximum discrimination between the digital modulation types to overcome this performance limitation. These features have similar complexity to HOCs but better performance accuracy. The simulation results show that the proposed AFGA improves the performance accuracy up to 4.5% for a Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) value of 10 dB under fading channel conditions with respect to conventional methods.

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Keywords: Automatic modulation classification, Feature Selection Algorithms (FSA), higher-order cumulants, Mahalanobis distance (MD)

M. Simka, L. Polak [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2022.0135] [Download Citations]
On the RSSI-Based Indoor Localization Employing LoRa in the 2.4 GHz ISM Band

Demand for systems and technologies ensuring indoor localization or tracking of an object with high and stable accuracy is continuously increasing. Nowadays, there are exist several wireless technologies, for instance Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, which can be employed for indoor positioning. In the future, Long Range (LoRa), originally developed for long range communication with high link budget, can extend the family of these technologies. This paper focuses on the LoRa technology and its employing in the licence free 2.4,GHz band for Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) based indoor localization. To measure and collect the values of RSSI, a simple measurement setup is proposed. The RSSI values are used to calculate the position of an object according to the principle of trilateration. Measurements are conducted in three different indoor environments for different signal configurations of LoRa. The recorded dataset is available online for future research purposes. The results, analysed in terms of localization accuracy, revealed good performance of LoRa. However, this performance is highly depending on the signal configuration of LoRa and on the position of nodes.

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Keywords: LoRa, 2.4 GHz ISM band, RSSI, indoor localization

B. Jovanovic, S. Milenkovic [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2022.0144] [Download Citations]
Transmitter IQ Imbalance Mitigation and PA Linearization in Software Defined Radios

Radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PA) are efficiently linearized by adaptive digital predistortion (DPD). However, performance of DPD is severely degraded in presence of transmitter’s frequency-selective in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) imbalance. We propose DPD/IQ method that compensates the effects of transmitter I/Q imbalance and PA nonlinearity, which is dedicated for implementation in low-cost software radio defined (SDR) cellular base stations. The advantage of DPD/IQ is low complexity in terms of reduced number of DPD coefficients which provides significant savings of FPGA resources. The DPD/IQ has been evaluated after method has been implemented in SDR board. Measured results clearly demonstrate efficient compensation of PA and transceiver impairments enabling transmission of wide bandwidth waveforms and realization of sophisticated modulation schemes. Improvement in image rejection ratio of 10-15dB is achieved. Considering compensation of PA nonlinearities, the ACPR at PA output is decreased by 15dBc.

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Keywords: Frequency dependent I/Q imbalance, digital predistortion, memory polynomial, power amplifier, PA linearization

S. Sharma, W. Yoon [references] [full-text] [DOI: 10.13164/re.2022.0155] [Download Citations]
Multiobjective Reinforcement Learning Based Energy Consumption in C-RAN enabled Massive MIMO

Multiobjective optimization has become a suitable method to resolve conflicting objectives and enhance the performance evaluation of wireless networks. In this study, we consider a multiobjective reinforcement learning (MORL) approach for the resource allocation and energy consumption in C-RANs. We propose the MORL method with two conflicting objectives. Herein, we define the state and action spaces, and reward for the MORL agent. Furthermore, we develop a Q-learning algorithm that controls the ON-OFF action of remote radio heads (RRHs) depending on the position and nearby users with goal of selecting the best single policy that optimizes the trade-off between EE and QoS. We analyze the performance of our Q-learning algorithm by comparing it with simple ON-OFF scheme and heuristic algorithm. The simulation results demonstrated that normalized ECs of simple ON-OFF, heuristic and Q-learning algorithm were 0.99, 0.85, and 0.8 respectively. Our proposed MORL-based Q-learning algorithm achieves superior EE performance compared with simple ON-OFF scheme and heuristic algorithms.

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Keywords: Convergence, energy consumption, reinforcement learning, reward, optimization.